It is well known that a non-international armed conflict exists ‘whenever there is … protracted armed violence between governmental authorities and organized armed groups or between such groups within a State.’ Specifically, the assessment is based on two criteria: the organization of the parties and the intensity of violence. These circumstances pose crucial challenges for the purposes of classification. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the Sahel region, and Central African Republic (CAR) are just a few examples of situations where State forces engage in hostilities against a significant number of armed groups, sometimes organized horizontally or in sub-groups, that may fight against each other as well. In modern warfare, non-international armed conflicts, or NIACs, are increasingly characterized by the presence of a myriad of armed non-State actors, often fragmented, that operate independently or in fluid, fragile coalitions. A common enemy: aggregating intensity in non-international armed conflicts.
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